MARKSİZM – LENİNİZM FELSEFESİ NEDİR?

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marksizm-leninizm
Marksizim ve Leninizim

MARKSİZM – LENİNİZM FELSEFESİ NEDİR?

Marksizm-Leninizm Felsefesi;

Marksizm-Leninizm, Leninizm olarak da adlandırılan, Lenin tarafından Marksizm’in geliştirilmesine verilen isimdir. Siyasi alanda farklı hatta birbirinin karşıtı özneler Marksist-Leninist olduklarını öne sürebilirler. Genel olarak içeriğinde öne çıkan yanlar kapitalizmin bir devrim sonunda devrilmesi, proletarya diktatörlüğünün kurulması, öncü komünist parti önderliğinde sosyalizm yolunda ilerlenmesidir.

Leninizm, kapitalizmin ancak devrimle devrilebileceğini öne sürerek evrimci reform çabalarını mahkum eder. Leninizm’e bağlı bir öncü partinin temel amacı proletaryaya sınıfı bilincinin taşınmasıdır. Sınıf ve tarih bilincine sahip işçi sınıfı örgütlenecek ve siyasi iktidara el koyacaktır. Devrimin ardından iktidardaki işçi sınıfı kendi diktatörlüğünü kurarak sosyalizmi kurmaya girişecektir.

Marksizm-Leninizm, adını Karl Marx ve Vladimir Lenin’den alan, 1920’li yıllarda komünist partiler arasında popülerlik kazanan ideolojik akım. Marksizm-Leninizm, Marx, Engels ve Lenin’in ortaya koyduğu temel öğretilere bağlı kalarak, değişen koşullara ve çağın gereklerine uygun bir biçimde sosyalist sistemde yeniden uygulanmasıdır.

Komintern ‘in de kuruluş ideolojisi olarak benimsenen bu görüş, en yaygın benimsenen komünist ideolojidir Özelinde kapitalizme, faşizme ve emperyalizme karşıdır ve sınıfsız bir toplum yaratmak için özel mülkiyete dayalı üretim biçimlerinin tamamen ortadan kaldırılması gerektiğini savunur.

Marksist-Leninist ideoloji kişiye ait özel mülkiyete karşı değil, büyük ölçekli işletmelerin ve toplumsal üretim alanlarının özel teşebbüse ait olmasına karşıdır. Ekonomide küçük ölçekli işletmelerin korunmasını ve teşvik edilmesini savunmakla birlikte, büyük ölçekli üretim alanlarında kolektif işletme biçimini savunur.

Tarihsel olarak Paris Komünü sayılmazsa, Marksist-Leninist ilkeler ilk olarak 1917 yılında gerçekleşen Ekim Devrim’inden sonra Sovyetler Birliğinde uygulandı ve ardından devletin resmi ideolojisi haline geldi. Ayrıca ülkede Marksizm-Leninizm Enstitüsü adında bir bilim akademisi bulunmakta ve birçok eser yayımlamaktaydı.

Bununla birlikte Marksist-Leninist ilkelerin ortaya çıkışından bu yana bu görüşlere karşı dünyanın birçok yerinde antikomünizm adı verilen politikalar üretilmiş ve bu ilkeleri savunanlara çeşitli baskılar uygulanmış, hatta toplu katliamlara kadar varan uygulamalar gerçekleştirilmiştir.

Tarihçe

Lenin, Karl Marx ve Friedrich Engels anıtı açılışında konuşuyor, 7 Kasım 1918, Moskova.

 Ortaya çıkışı

Leninizm, tarihin diyalektik materyalist bir yorumuna dayanan ekonomik ve toplumsal bir dünya görüşü olan Marksist felsefenin üzerine politik ve ekonomik konularda katkı sunan bir teori olup, Marksizm’in bir aşaması olarak ele alınır. Bu yaklaşıma göre Lenin, Marx’ın eserlerini ve temel prensiplerini esas alarak onun savunduklarını ekonomik, felsefi ve siyasi konularda geliştirmiş ve onu yenidünya şartlarına uygun bir öğreti haline getirmiştir.

Leninizm terimi, Lenin hayattayken pek kullanılan bir terim değildi. Ancak sağlık sorunları nedeniyle aktif politikadan çekilmesinin ardından diğer Sovyet politikacıları Lenin’in görüşleri adı altında bu ifadeyi sıklıkla dillendirmeye başlamışlardır. Ardından Komintern’e Grigory Zinoviev “Leninizm” terimini ilk kez kullandı ve terim popüler hale geldi. Marksizm-Leninizm’in ayrı bir ideoloji halini alarak yaygınca kullanılması Stalin’in 1926 tarihli “Leninizm’in Soruları” (Almanca orijinali: Fragen Des Leninismus) adlı eseriyle başlar.

Gelişimi

Marksizm-Leninizm ideolojisinin çeşitli ülkelerde iktidara gelişinin yıllara göre dağılımı şu şekildedir; Günümüzde Marksizm-Leninizm Çin, Kuzey Kore, Küba, Vietnam ve Laos’daki devlet yönetimlerinin belirleyici ideolojisidir.

Bununla birlikte şu an dünyanın ülkesinde faaliyet gösteren birçok silahlı örgüt kendisini Marksist-Leninist olarak tanımlamakta ve bu ilkelerin uygulandığı bir rejim kurmak istemektedir. Bu örgütlere Türkiye’de faaliyet gösteren Devrimci Halk Kurtuluş Partisi-Cephesi ve Marksist Leninist Komünist Parti, Filipinler’de faaliyet gösteren Yeni Halk Ordusu ya da Kolombiya’da faaliyet gösteren Kolombiya Devrimci Silahlı Güçleri örnek olarak gösterilebilir.

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  1. This exercise has a badass name and looks fairly cool, too—and it
    might be an even better movement for your shoulders and core than you’d anticipate.
    This is not all flash; it’s a novel pressing challenge due to the longer
    levers than traditional implements. Alongside with your seated position, you may additionally take away any likelihood at dishonest your shoulders by beginning with the
    weight on the bottom, so that you’re lifting from a useless stop place.
    From right here, reinitiate the carry and squeeze the shoulders as onerous as
    you can to get the dumbbell to just past shoulder peak along
    with your arm parallel to the ground. Lifting lighter is the one largest
    change I made in my shoulder training and you’ll simply see that
    it’s dramatically elevated my shoulder dimension. Purpose for between 8-10 reps
    per set (unless said otherwise) and take no longer than 60
    seconds rest in between sets.
    This move will develop shoulder measurement and power, however
    it’s not a move that should be abused. Upright rows are a unbelievable exercise
    to focus on the trapezius whilst additionally integrating the anterior deltoids
    at the similar time; it’s merely a fantastic mass
    and shoulder muscle tissue builder. The rear delts (posterior
    deltoids) play a crucial role in higher back aesthetics, shoulder stability, and
    overall pulling power. Nevertheless, they are often underdeveloped
    compared to the front and facet delts, leading to imbalances and poor posture.
    The movement you’re going to be focusing on is an overhead push press at
    around 50-70% of your bodyweight. Whatever you choose, every minute you’re going to blast
    your weight overhead before slowly decreasing it again to your shoulders underneath control.
    If you want to see noticeable measurement and strength gains in your shoulders, place delt workouts at the beginning of your exercise and give them every thing you’ve got.

    The huge quantity of pressing inside a typical coaching program
    is greater than enough to stimulate and grow
    the front delts. The anterior or front deltoid is primarily responsible for shoulder flexion and horizontal
    adduction. That is raising your arm in front of you (e.g., entrance raise) and performing a chest fly motion [1,2].
    The unilateral dumbbell shrug includes doing the train one arm at a time, permitting more centered focus of the target muscle tissue.

    The shoulder workout routine beneath hits the three heads of the
    shoulders and your traps, and there’s additionally a shoulder-specific
    warm-up to scale back the danger of harm. While you need to
    use compound workouts throughout shoulder workouts, one
    of the best ways to target every head of the deltoids is by adding isolation movements
    to your deltoid coaching. To get those big boulder shoulders,
    you have to target the medial deltoid, which is the center deltoid
    that faces outwards from your shoulders. If you want wide shoulders,
    dumbbell lateral raises are the greatest way to go.
    The seated dumbbell shoulder press is the most effective compound exercise to construct greater shoulders as a result of
    you’ll find a way to lift heavier weights. I like the seated model as a result of you’ll have the ability to isolate the deltoids with out stabilizing by way of your
    legs. Nevertheless, bench presses are additionally great for developing your front deltoids.

    As a strength and conditioning coach, I’ll share methods, tips,
    and cues that I use with my shoppers. Upright rows have a nasty rep for being dangerous since you internally rotate your shoulder and then out to the facet, potentially growing the chance of shoulder impingement.
    While related to the bench press, the floor press presents distinct characteristics and advantages.
    If you want to find a way to do handstands, you need strong shoulders and a robust
    core. Slowly return the gallons back to the beginning position, nonetheless preserving the elbows slightly bent.
    Unfold your arms out with a slight bend in your elbows, similar
    to you’d with a reverse fly. Another exercise for the again of the shoulder is a
    variation of the reverse fly.
    Your pecs are additionally integral to your posture
    and the vitality you project to the world around you. Well-developed traps will enable your chest
    to naturally open up. Building broad shoulders is a matter of packing on muscle in the proper places.
    A Lot like building a broadened neck, your shoulder span relies
    on the quantity of muscle you can build on top of your already present bone construction. Most males in the fitness center want thick,
    broad shoulders that give him a body worthy of envy. The posterior delts are primarily a stabilizer for the above workouts, so while they’re worked, they
    aren’t going to be a primary mover.
    You ought to now have a good suggestion of the completely different shoulder exercises you are able to do at
    residence with limited equipment. One Other variation for the front
    and center elements of your shoulders is the TRX
    overhead increase. Simply like with a daily lateral raise,
    lower back down and repeat for reps. Reverse the whole
    movement by bending your elbows and lowering your higher physique to the ground.
    Shifting again to an exercise that targets the front and center head of the
    shoulder very effectively, we have dive-bombers. The trapezius
    muscle is the second largest within the back, taking over two-thirds of the upper-mid back.
    From the entrance, the higher traps replenish the area between the neck and the shoulders.

    Normally, we suggest doing a number of good workouts per muscle group.
    However within the case of the shoulder muscles, we’re essentially looking at three totally different muscular tissues in one.
    Just ensure to start with gentle weights and steadily
    enhance your vary of motion. Outlined shoulders are an important factor of an general
    well-proportioned body, so choosing the proper workouts to develop these muscle tissue best is essential.

    As such, you need a shoulder warm-up that covers all of the planes of movement you’re about to work your shoulders in, and we’ve just the thing for you.
    This shoulder warm-up is made up of eight workouts and uses a wide selection of gear
    to make certain you are fully prepared for the exercise proper.
    Shoulder workout routines must be carried out using relatively mild weights, in contrast with what you’d use for arm workouts.
    It’s better to coach smart together with your shoulders, quite than just going
    for a huge weight that puts them beneath too much strain and
    raises the chance of injury. Pair compound shoulder workout routines just like the Overhead Presses with isolation workout routines similar to Lateral Raises
    and Entrance Raises to build beefy shoulders. This method will make sure you
    hit all three elements of your deltoids. Stronger shoulders help in many upper-body actions and stabilize the shoulder joint, growing efficiency in exercises and athletic performance in sports activities requiring higher physique power.

    If you want to build critical shoulder measurement and strength,
    you need to give consideration to compound exercises.
    With the dumbbell triceps extensions, you possibly can stay environment friendly and goal all three heads
    of the triceps with one transfer. Positionally, this train challenges your shoulder and upper back mobility whereas targeting the strength of your triceps.
    The workout routines under are a combination of each compound and isolation exercises.
    We Have separated them so you possibly can see which strikes best target the shoulders and those who activate your arms.
    The shoulder muscles shape the outside of the shoulder and underarm
    and are in control of a wide variety of movements.
    No single train can successfully goal all three heads of the shoulder (anterior,
    medial, and posterior) in isolation.
    Goal for between reps per set (unless stated otherwise)
    and take now not than 60 seconds relaxation in between units.
    Goal for between 6-8 reps per set (unless said otherwise) and take
    now not than 90 seconds relaxation in between sets.

    Tense and pinch the shoulder blades together on the very again of the motion earlier than returning to the
    outstretched place. Ensure you allow a slight bend on the elbows
    to keep the tension on the muscle in place.
    This motion could be performed lying flat on a bench, sitting on a pec deck in reverse place or through the use of cable
    handles as well; all of that are extremely effective.

    Hold studying to discover how I remodeled my slender shoulders into broad ones.
    I’ll share a detailed guide with personal insights and tips on sculpting your deltoids.

    This train is carried out sitting down as a end result of it helps isolate the shoulder motion. ‘These are really
    good for not only handling plenty of weight, but also having the freedom of using dumbbells,’ White tells MH.
    ‘You can convey them nice and low to get a really full range of motion.’ Take a load off your
    ft and put a load on your delts. How long your shoulders will
    take to develop is decided by your training age, your nutrition and genetics.

    It’s concerned in further capabilities including advanced
    movements, like lifting your arm and rotating it when your elbow is at a 90-degree angle.
    What’s extra, I’m going to address the most asked questions related to deltoids
    and shoulder exercises. I’m additionally going to give you
    the most effective workout routines and workout suggestions on your deltoids, regardless of the
    equipment you may have readily available. Whether you’ve a full health club or simply your body weight, I’ve
    obtained a deltoid workout for you. Though the deltoids might not be your top priority when it comes to muscle building
    and energy training, it is important that you simply don’t
    overlook them.
    These dumbbell arm exercises are one of the best in the enterprise for constructing
    every muscle of the upper arm. Jump up on two parallel bars or gymnastics rings with your palms facing
    inward and your arms straight (A). In this text, we cover seven of the best bodybuilding back workout routines that can help you build mass, power, and definition. Whether you’re a newbie or an experienced lifter,
    these workouts will present the inspiration for a well-rounded again workout.
    In my work with skilled baseball teams over the previous twenty years, I’ve seen firsthand how well-intentioned stretching can sometimes do extra harm than good.
    However over time, mobility specialists realized this stretch was
    making the shoulder joint excessively loose and unstable, increasing harm threat
    somewhat than preventing it.
    A Lot like the greatest way my Six Weeks to Sick
    Arms is designed to deliver truly massive arms, this 8-week hypertrophy program might help you add
    serious mass to your shoulders. So if you’re trying to maximize the scale and width of your delts, you want to take a glance at my
    8 Weeks to Boulder Shoulders program. They
    reported within the Journal of Power and Conditioning Analysis that the neutral grip led to significantly larger muscle activity of each the rear deltoid and the infraspinatus.
    Shoulder aches and pains are frequent in bodybuilding, powerlifting,
    and weightlifting. This makes a lot of sense, given how much abuse
    these joints must endure. After all, the shoulders are concerned in nearly every exercise
    you perform, even those in your legs.
    Named after bodybuilding legend, Arnold Schwarzenegger, the arnold press is a variation on the seated dumbbell overhead press which incorporates rotation. To carry out this
    train, start with the burden according to the
    shoulders and palms facing towards the body.
    As the dumbbells drive up, give consideration to rotating the
    dumbbells in order that on the top of the motion the palms are dealing
    with forward.
    When you’ve a narrower grip, the trapezius muscles work extra.
    The latter being a lot harder.You can count on to lift a lower weight on this exercise compared to the presses.

    Entrance raises isolate the anterior deltoids, helping to build the entrance
    of your shoulders.
    Anterior deltoids – positioned on the front of your shoulders, the anterior deltoids are liable for flexion, horizontal flexion, and inner rotation of the shoulder joint.

    Stand in the course of a cable crossover machine and
    use both backside pulleys to work your left and right medial deltoids simultaneously.
    However, whereas every of those workout routines is
    a viable various to plain overhead presses, most solely involve
    a slight variation in method; they’re all nonetheless overhead presses.
    If you keep on doing the identical exercises over and over, ultimately, your
    progress will start to stall and will plateau totally.
    If you incorporate these cable shoulder exercises into your workout routine and do it persistently, the outcomes will communicate for themselves.

    It allows for targeted muscle growth and offers
    an general 3D look to the shoulder.
    This negates the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC),
    which implies you’ll have to work harder to get the weight transferring every time.
    This is an efficient exercise for rising upper physique urgent
    energy. Nevertheless, many exercisers flip them right into a glorified lat rowing train by using
    an excessive amount of weight and letting their elbows drop.
    This variation makes it much more durable to cheat and ensures
    your rear delts and external rotators do all the
    work.
    However, it’s fallen out of favor lately,
    with many trainers saying it’s bad in your shoulders.
    The reality is, in case you have enough higher physique mobility, you
    need to be capable of do this train safely and comfortably.
    However, if it bothers your shoulders, you can do regular
    shoulder presses as a substitute.
    These triangular-shaped muscles extend from the bottom of the skull to the mid-back and laterally to the shoulder blades.
    Of course, you don’t have to train your biceps and triceps together.

    Feel free to take the biceps exercises and do them as
    a stand-alone exercise or with, for example, a again exercise.
    You most likely consider the chin-up primarily as an exercise on your back workout.

    The shoulder press, or overhead press, is usually ignored in a muscle-building
    program in favor of shoulder isolation workouts.
    As A Result Of shoulder pressing is extremely fatiguing, you’re
    already urgent usually when training the chest. Further, you can’t
    isolate any of the three muscle heads to maximise growth.
    In this exercise, you will do them before the opposite
    two, while you have a bit more power in the tank.

    Feel free to rearrange the order of the single-joint moves based on your weaknesses, though.
    If you decide your delts to be pretty balanced, merely rotate the order of
    the single-joint actions from one exercise to the next.

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